China, The Language of Virtue, and the Global Order

Xi Jinping (Shutterstock)

by James Watt

From a Western viewpoint, never has the international scene looked more provisional, more uncertain. Some of the confusion is self-inflicted (Trump, Brexit). Some results from a century of political failure and social crisis inflicted for the most part by outsiders (the Middle East). Western weakness has been exploited (Ukraine, Crimea). Western control of global economic governance is challenged by the greatly increased size and trading weight of developing economies. Foremost among these of course is China.

Success attracts success. China’s growth, and under Xi Jinping its self-confident use of economic power to pursue its interests abroad, have served as a magnet for admirers – or opportunists – throughout the developing world. The recent BRICS summit in Johannesburg was another showcase for de facto Chinese leadership, modestly clad in the garb of equality and cooperation. The Belt and Road Initiative holds out the promise of massive investment in logistical infrastructure, even if serious doubts have emerged (Sri Lanka, Pakistan) as the adverse financial terms become clear. For China, and for its fellows in contesting Western dominance of the world, the confusion in the existing international order is a long-awaited opportunity. China has a sense of strategic direction, though the jury is out on whether it will replicate all the errors of 19th century European imperialism, or merely some of them.

Since world politics began to be internationalized from 1919 with the founding of the League of Nations, the new structures were used by their main creators, naturally enough, to serve their own interests. Britain was successful in the interwar years in underpinning its late imperial reach by bending the League to its purposes. In the climate of idealism created by Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the most potent tool available to Britain was the language of virtue that its liberal traditions (whatever its imperial realities) allowed it to speak. This was essential for handling the pressure of public and parliamentary opinion for a new moral order, one which rejected the unaccountable foreign policy-making of pre-war Europe. It was also valuable in justifying to the world at large the positions Britain took: a moral discourse is the essential feature of what we now call the public diplomacy narrative. It may not convince many, but without it the task is exceptionally hard.

What has become of moral discourse, in the present flux of the world order? Who owns it? We can set aside the phenomenon of fake news and social media manipulation, which feed on moral discourse like vultures, but do not generate it. What do global audiences care about, and who do they believe? The West has dominated the post-war narrative with its doctrine of liberal values, arguing that not only were they right in themselves but that economic success itself depended on their application. Two developments have challenged those claims. The first was the West’s own betrayal of its principles: on too many occasions the self interest of the powerful, and disdain for the victims of collateral damage, has showed through. The second dates from more recently: the growth of Chinese capitalism owes nothing to a democratic system of government, let alone liberal values.

Some commentators decry these developments as the death of the liberal world order. More accurately, it is the end of Western domination of the world order. Western liberal triumphalism has had to face a reality check: the Arab Spring probably ranks as the moment when Europe in particular had to confront its limits. Europe overwhelmingly still believes in liberal values. But its voice has become meek. Its leaderships have tended to shrink their discourse to populist soundbites addressed to nativist constituencies. There may be a deeper corrosion at work: Europe’s great universities, until now the source of powerful and challenging thinking across a wide spectrum of the humanities and social sciences, are gradually being turned into corporatist production lines.

Liberals in the United States have long been on the defensive. Their discourse is drowned out by the bully-pulpits of the right, and the tone is set by presidential tweets. The liberal fightback continues. But for now, to the ears of the world, America has willfully given up that advantage of the powerful – a more or less plausible narrative that shows why their global leadership is best for the uncommitted masses.

That prize, including a claim to the virtuous liberal acquis, has been left discarded on the floor. It was no real surprise, then, when Xi Jinping emerged at the 2017 Davos meeting as the champion of free trade. Nor that at the recent BRICS summit the 102- paragraph communiqué is full of the kind of classic language of international agreement that had been reached previously in the era of Western leadership. The communiqué is artfully pitched, its title being BRICS in Africa: Collaboration for Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity in the 4th Industrial Revolution. Like any successor to power, the new incumbent has to both proclaim a new and better world, and quietly draw on the legitimacy of what went before.

Some will claim that China’s use of liberal language is too transparent a falsehood, given what we know of the country’s highly controlled political system. But global audiences are not just applying the test of liberalism. Prosperity, jobs, a future, are what matter more: shared prosperity is a slogan hard to beat. Deeds speak louder than words, though. In some countries, not least in Africa, the reality of China’s approach to economic partnership is setting off a sharp reaction.

For now, though, there is no contest. The West has simply walked off the pitch, too confused to remember why a language of virtue plays a vital part in great power competition. Amnesiac too about what its own historic values are. Let us hope it is just that, and not irreversible dementia.

James Watt CVO served extensively in the Middle East, including most recently as British ambassador to Egypt (2011-14), Jordan (2006-11) and Lebanon (2003-6). His 37-year diplomatic career covered many of the major political and security questions of the day, providing wide experience also of economic, business and development issues. Reprinted, with permission, from the Ambassador Partnership.

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3 Comments

  1. History will judge the Chinese quite differently when it comes to their support for the horrid Ayatollah regime in Iran.

    What is even more discomforting, is that so many US and EU companies are manufacturing in China, and are indirectly condoning the pleasant relationship China has with the inhumane Ayatollahs.

    Let us look at the situation when the US and EU companies were greeting the Late Shah of Iran. What horrid comments and editorials did we get then. Where are those commentators now? Why aren’t they saying anything about China supporting the inhumane activities of the Ayatollahs?

    There is clearly a double standard here.

    But I suppose, all the usual radicals will have a go at what I am saying, with their ugly comments. I can only encourage you to judge my own views by reading my blogspot at Iran News Blog. I will not answer the rude comments here, which will come.

    These are testing times for Iranians. We will one day get rid of these monsters in Iran, and will establish proper relationships with the Chinese, who are getting away with very lucrative deals, as everyone is abandoning Iran.

    In Ahuramazda we trust.

  2. WTO concept was invented by western liberalism to maximize their profits. If they wanted only to export to China it was fine, but they started relocating their factories and exporting their jobs for more profit hurting their own economies. And this is the start of the end for previous order. They should start negotiating to keep the same order of free world trade agreement and reduce their military costs and wait until the production costs start to rise in China by increasing welfare.

  3. The supply-side economy initiated by president Reagan in 1980’s encouraged migration of private sector and manufacturing to seek lower cost labor! There were multiple objectives for that economy:
    1. To increase consumers purchasing power by lowering price of goods
    2. Control rate of inflation of nearly 20% which was caused by Jimmy Carter’s economic policies
    3. Reagan was extremely anti-labor unions and he intend to hurt the unions by effecting their due collections and their pockets!
    4. The US antiquated industrial base needed $b’s to renovate and upgrading to the latest technologies. The Midwest got a nickname of the “rust belt” because of it!
    5. The private sector and the investors relocated their facilities to the South in US but the labor there wasn’t as industries as the labor force in the north!
    6. The private sector and investors were compelled to relocate their facilities to a city near Shanghai by the name of Song Jiang in 1990’s.
    The strategy initiated by Reagan did work for the consumers in US short term but the transformation was a gift from the US to China over longer terms!
    Returning the industries back to the US is going to be challenging for any president now because:
    1. Industries need some tax relief to relocate. Trump has tried this already. But the taxpayers will have to pay more taxes to offset the loss in revenues
    2. Applying tariffs on Chinese goods. Trump has already started this economic war. But the consumers will end up paying more for the same goods and may delay or refuse to purchase some of the goods which means less sales revenues!
    Chinese have done a wonderful job with the opportunity offered to them by president Nixon. They are using this opportunity to become a political power from east to west Asia or the old Silk Road by demonstrating that they are constructive rather than destructive!

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