by Emile Nakhleh
As the Egyptian revolution against Mubarak celebrates its third anniversary, the military junta under General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is resurrecting dictatorship under the veneer of “constitutional” legitimacy and on the pretense of fighting “terrorism.”
Syria is still ablaze. Yemen has yet to sever the tentacles of the Saleh regime, and Libya remains in the chaotic throes of tribal fissures and militia violence. Tunisia is the only “Arab Spring” country that is transitioning to democracy wisely and pragmatically.
The uprisings in the past three years have rattled Arab dictators and forced Washington to reassess its relations with the region. Arab autocrats have fought the uprisings and resisted all efforts to redesign the decades-old social contract with their people. Four fell.
Those who are still in power continue to inflict destruction on their countries and repress their citizens.
Yet, some policymakers, talking heads, and academics in Washington and other Western capitals are myopically advocating reconciling with existing regimes, including the Syrian tyrant. Self-proclaimed regional experts are advising these policymakers that Gulf monarchies, for example, are stable and secure and should be embraced.
Likewise, some of these experts are calling on Washington to engage the Egyptian military junta because, they argue, Egypt is the centerpiece of American policy and interests in the region. They maintain these interests should trump American values, which were trumpeted by President Barack Obama in his initial support of the anti-Mubarak revolt.
This “expert” advice reflects a shortsighted, shallow knowledge of the region and is devoid of any strategic analysis of future relations between Arab peoples and their rulers. If followed, it would harm long-term US interests in the region.
Let us remember that three years ago, many of these experts missed the Arab Spring all together, as was pointed out in the 2011 Stimson Institute’s Seismic Shift report.
Many academics and journalists paid scant attention to endemic grievances in Arab societies and focused instead on the “deep state” narrative, which they bought from the regimes hook, line, and sinker.
A few distinguished American journalists, such as the late Anthony Shadid of the New York Times, were aware of what was boiling below the surface in places like Egypt despite the glossy mask of stability that Mubarak and his fellow autocrats presented to the outside world.
It is unfortunately understandable that some policymakers and academics are leaning toward accepting this narrative now because they are becoming disgusted with the bloody tumult across the region and the rise of radicalism and terrorism.
Some academics similarly are trumpeting the “stability” narrative, especially in the Gulf. These “access academics” — who forego serious analysis of regimes’ repressive policies in order to be allowed into those countries and meet with officials — are repeating the same analysis they offered before the revolutions of 2011.
In the Gulf monarchies, as the British academic Christopher Davidson of Durham University has pointed out in his book After the Sheiks, the absence of legitimacy, continued repression, and sectarianism will hasten the collapse of these tribal regimes.
Professor Davidson maintains some academics, retired generals and sitting and former diplomats are peddling the “stability” fiction for potential access and economic gain.
Promising business deals, lucrative post-retirement jobs, country visits, and Gulf investment in European and American university buildings are even influencing the type of research, analysis, and academic conferences that are being conducted on the present and future of Gulf monarchies.
Fortunately, some scholars such as Toby Matthiesen of Cambridge University are seriously assessing the long-term destructive nature of bloody sectarianism across the region, which for the most part is being pushed by regimes.
Several factors are driving this pernicious phenomenon. First, although dictators fell, most of the old regimes remained intact. The re-emergence of the Mubarak-era dictatorship under General Sisi is the most vivid example.
The military junta’s harsh sentencing of Ahmad Maher, Ahmad Duma, and Muhammad Adel–key activists in the January 2011 revolution–and the espionage charges against two of Egypt’s most prominent intellectuals, Emad Shahin and Amr Hamzawy, signal that the deep security state is alive and well in Egypt.
The military’s harsh crackdown against all opposition–secular and Islamist–belies its claim that Egypt is on the road to democracy.
The recent branding of the Muslim Brotherhood as a “terrorist” organization moves Egypt away from political reconciliation, the new “constitution” notwithstanding. In fact, the recently ratified document enshrines the power of the military as an institution impervious to any form of accountability.
The politically motivated capital crime charges against the deposed President Morsi and other Muslim Brotherhood leaders underpin the vengeful anti-democratic policies of General Sisi.
Despite flagrant human rights violations and sham trials, the Obama administration is tragically maintaining its military aid to the Egyptian military.
Furthermore, the US State Department has withdrawn the name of Robert Ford as Ambassador Designate to Egypt from consideration in response to objections from the Egyptian military, according to media reports.
Second, the authoritarian regimes that are still in power are employing comprehensive hard and soft power tools, violently and viciously, in order to keep their rule. Bashar al-Assad has rendered his country a wasteland, killing over a hundred and thirty thousand Syrians and forcing millions to become refugees in an attempt to defeat the opposition.
Much like Egypt’s Sisi, he is feverishly trying to convince Washington and other Western capitals that he is the most effective force against terrorism and (Saudi) Wahhabi extremism. His foreign minister has repeatedly stated that if Western leaders hope to keep Salafi jihadists from overrunning Syria, Assad is their man.
It would be tragic if Washington falls for this ruse. It was Assad who worked closely with radical Salafis first in Iraq and then in Syria. He had hoped Salafis would discredit the moderate, secular opposition–a self-fulfilling prophecy he is happy to see come to pass.
Third, as these regimes fail to defeat their popular revolts and reject meaningful dialogue with the opposition, radical elements and Salafi jihadists begin to fill the power vacuum in Syria, Iraq, and elsewhere. The ensuing stalemate is already producing more turbulence, anemic economies, debilitating uncertainty, and diminishing personal security.
No winner will emerge in the foreseeable future, which hopefully would force Washington to make hard choices. Simply put, these choices involve drawing a morally palatable balance between values and interests. If Washington hopes to be on the right side of history, interests should never be allowed to trump values of good governance, certainly not in the wake of the Arab uprisings of 2011.
Interesting article. An academic, past affiliation within the C.I.A., as well as being able to travel to those countries in the M.E. I notice that he ascribes the killing of over 130,000 Syrians to Assad, along with the millions of displaced too. Salifis, (Saudi) Wahhabi extremism, mere mention, but why not get into Bandar-Bush, for he seems to be pulling the strings too? Oh, that’s right, C.I.A. With all the voices clamoring at once for their 30 seconds of spotlight, one has to ask when/if Dr. Strangelove is alive and well in the U/S.A.?
This former spook is extraordinarily wrong on all counts. Davidson is a curious case. He seems to have quasi-Marxist leanings and is emotionally connected to the friends he made in the region and seeing issues such as legitimacy through their red-tinted revolutionary lenses. I have not read anything from the Twitterarati that bears the slightest proximitary to truth. The dogs bark, the camel-train moves on.
Dear Emile Nakhleh,
Washington would unlikely ‘make hard choices’, since in practice for decades due to its capitalist imperialist nature America’s Founding Fathers’ values have changed: ‘interests’ have ‘consciously’ been interpreted as American ‘values’ and become too identical to allow an alternative policy. As an insider you are familiar with the CIA military coups in the name of American values. The Vietnam War and decades of US support for apartheid Israel and the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq are not the only cases that demonstrate American politicians’ synchronizing verbalization of American values with shocking military attacks as cover up for America’s unethical foreign policies.
1-Take the 2003 invasion of Iraq for instance, in the name of upholding American values: in fact the emergence of Iraq’s brutal mass murderer with the CIA coup in 1963 and further supports, the suffering of millions of Iraqis and massacre of 1000s of Kurds and later of over 100,000 Iraqi Kurds only in 1988, as well as the Iraq-Iran war and the loss of one million lives, and Saddam Hussein’s deployment of chemical bombs with Reagan’s full knowledge and assistance, and the continual western support for him even after 1988, mark one of the darkest chapters in western foreign policy. Saddam Hussein’s removal from Kuwait and later from power were not upholding of American ‘values’ but a pure economic, hegemonic, pro-Israeli strategy and a sickening post 9/11 psychological need resulting in mass murder of 100s of 1000s of innocent Iraqis, displacement of millions as well as disappearance and disintegration, many were even denied a dignified death. How can American politicians reconcile Good with Evil, how can Americans reconcile the American Founding Fathers’ values with mass murder, distortion, political and financial corruption?!
2- Davidson’s impressive study of the Arab Sheikhs is not “barking”, nor is unstable self-proclaimed undemocratic and outdated political institutions an ongoing “camel-train”, since political transformation has always been an inevitable process in our evolving dynamic world. One only needs to look at the political corruption, institutional denials and staggering figures being wasted by those rulers (as carefully noted by Davidson), and to travel to those countries and chat with taxi drivers, workers, ordinary people and students to understand the depth of the dissent as well as the extent of American hypocrisy and its values since the silencing of pro-democracy lawyers and intellectuals continues today with the full blessing of American politicians! For instance one only needs to study the website archive of the Emirates Centre for Human Rights to discover the medieval trials and torture of highly educated respectable Human Rights activists and pro-democracy advocates in the UAE (America’s great ally!) to fully understand the utter hypocrisy of the American ‘values’! Not only are the alienated Arab youths politically aware, articulate and demand social justice and democratic institutions, but see the western hypocrisy; they belong to our time and cannot for long remain silent, but the west continues to view the Middle East as though it is still in the middle of the 1920s. France projected the same inhuman backward image on Algerians up until its humiliating departure in the early 1960s. Once a nation is awakened to its legitimate rights it is impossible to contain it; this is the Arab tragedy today.