Building Confidence in Iran’s Intentions, Not Closing All Pathways

by Peter Jenkins

The decision to sell the 2015 nuclear agreement with Iran (the JCPOA) to the US Congress and public as closing all pathways to Iranian acquisition of nuclear weapons is returning to haunt us.

That slogan implied two things: that Iran was intent on acquiring nuclear weapons, and that the United States had succeeded in thwarting that ambition by imposing nuclear restrictions on Iran.

A major problem results from that. Common sense leads most people to think that, if the JCPOA is the only obstacle to Iran becoming nuclear-armed, it would be folly to allow the nuclear restrictions to lapse between 2025 and 2031 as the agreement envisages. And, if a mix of persuasion and coercion worked to impose the JCPOA in 2015, then that same mix will surely work to impose the extension of restrictions way beyond 2025, if not in perpetuity.

The current president and secretary of state seem both to have come to this common sense view. “Trump Pushes to Revisit Iran Nuclear Deal” was a New York Times headline on September 20. “Iran Nuclear Deal Must Change,” says Tillerson was an Asia Times headline the same day.

Unfortunately this common sense view fails to do justice to the complexity of the events that led up to the JCPOA.

The JCPOA became an option for resolving worldwide concern over Iran’s “pursuit of a policy of concealment” between 1985 and 2003, and concomitant violation of nuclear safeguards obligations, only after a US intelligence finding that Iran’s leaders had closed down a nuclear weapons program (probably not much more than selective research) in 2003 and had not taken a decision to acquire nuclear weapons.

Before that finding, published in November 2007, Europe and the United States had judged that it would be dangerous to allow Iran to possess a capacity to enrich uranium, since highly enriched uranium is nuclear bomb material. Persuading Iran to renounce enrichment had, therefore, been the goal of European diplomacy between 2003 and 2006. In 2005 the Europeans had rejected an Iranian offer severely to restrict enrichment for a number of years, but not to renounce it, precisely because their underlying fear was that Iran sought nuclear weapons.

In other words, it was growing confidence after 2007 that Iran was not intent on acquiring nuclear weapons that allowed Europe and the United States to cut a deal that allowed for continuing enrichment in Iran and that envisaged a growing output of low-enriched uranium (non-weapon grade), scrutinized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), after 2030.

Meanwhile, the offer Iran made in 2005 and their reaction to the nuclear-related sanctions that accumulated after 2006 revealed much about the terms on which Iran’s leaders were ready to do a deal.

They were ready to pay a price in the form of temporary restrictions, and perpetual transparency, to build international confidence in the peaceful, non-military nature of the post-2003 nuclear program. They were not ready to humiliate themselves by renouncing a sovereign right, conditioned only by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), to make peaceful use of enrichment technology. They disliked being subjected to sanctions but were determined not to succumb to this form of diplomatic pressure, whatever the economic costs of that determination.

In other words, Iran’s leaders saw the JCPOA as a confidence-building agreement that will allow Iran to move on from the disreputable position in which it found itself in 2003. They see it also as an agreement that they offered of their own free will, not as an “unequal treaty” imposed on them by stronger powers.

The JCPOA itself makes no mention of “closing all pathways.” Instead it states:

[Iran envisions that] the initial mutually determined limitations described in this JCPOA will be followed by a gradual evolution, at a reasonable pace, of Iran’s peaceful nuclear programme, including its enrichment activities, to a commercial programme for exclusively peaceful purposes, consistent with international non-proliferation norms.

and

The E3/EU+3 envision that the implementation of this JCPOA will progressively allow them to gain confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s programme.

All this suggests that President Trump and Secretary Tillerson will find it impossible to impose additional nuclear restrictions on Iran, short of defeating Iran militarily and occupying a country much larger than Iraq (at enormous political and financial cost). Their best bet, rather, will be to engage Iran diplomatically. If they do so, they are likely to find Iran much readier to contemplate additional confidence-building transparency measures than additional restrictions on enrichment. In support of any diplomatic initiative, the United States must continue to uphold the JCPOA. To decertify Iran or encourage Congress to re-impose nuclear-related sanctions—to exert “pressure” on Iran—would be utterly counterproductive.

Wise statesman might also set about dispelling the notion that only the JCPOA is preventing Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. But that is probably too much to expect.

Photo: Press conference with Ali Akbar Salehi of  the Atomic Energy Agency of Iran and IAEA chief Yukia Amano. 

Peter Jenkins

Peter Jenkins was a British career diplomat for 33 years, following studies at the Universities of Cambridge and Harvard. He served in Vienna (twice), Washington, Paris, Brasilia and Geneva. He specialized in global economic and security issues. His last assignment (2001-06) was that of UK Ambassador to the IAEA and UN (Vienna). Since 2006 he has represented the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership, advised the Director of IIASA and set up a partnership, The Ambassador Partnership llp, with former diplomatic colleagues, to offer the corporate sector dispute resolution and solutions to cross-border problems. He was an associate fellow of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy from 2010 to 2012. He writes and speaks on nuclear and trade policy issues.

SHOW 12 COMMENTS

12 Comments

  1. Not failed in Vietnam- we stopped EVERYBODY making trouble. Given command of the Armed Forces of the United States of America I created and engineered and directed a battle that killed 306,000 Vietcong(99.8%). See the Clintons who started the other wars you stated.

  2. I beg to differ on this claim:
    “In other words, it was growing confidence after 2007 that Iran was not intent on acquiring nuclear weapons that allowed Europe and the United States to cut a deal”

    No, the fact that there was no evidence of an Iranian nuke program, was never really in doubt and furthermore Iran had been making better compromise offers before 2007 too, including severe limitations on enrichment as ElBaradei himself has stated. This was policy that was being pursued even under the first Obama administration, as evidenced by the scandalous Brazil/Turkey negotiations with Iran that was killed-off by the Obama admin after Iran had said yes to the demands.

    The enrichment issue was always just a pretext, a deliberate “poison pill” inserted into demands on Iran by the US, with the intention of causing Iran to say “No”. The entire “Iranian nuclear threat” was a cooked-up pretext for a policy of regime-change, it was never based on any actual concern about weapons proliferation. Ambassador Jenkins himself noted previously that he was unaware that Iran had already formally declared their uranium conversion plant to the IAEA in 2000, well before the dramatic exposure of Iran’s alleged secret nuclear program in 2003.

  3. Lets remember that the IAEA never endorsed the US intelligence claims about even “selective studies” about nuclear weapons in Iran ever existing (not that such studies would be a violation of the NPT anyway.) And in fact the IAEA was clear in stating in its reports on Iran that Iran’s initial “failures to disclose” otherwise legal activity were unrelated to a weapons program and involved no diversion of nuclear material for non-peaceful uses. Furthermore in from December 18, 2003 to January 10, 2006, Iran voluntarily entirely suspended its uranium enrichment program as a “confidence building gesture” in the course of the Paris Agreement negotiations, only to be cheated by the EU-3 which, according to Osborn, were hampered from accepting Iran’s otherwise perfectly reasonable compromise offers, by US pressure.

  4. So to say that the US and EU agreed to accept enrichment in Iran In 2007 because they had become convinced that Iran was not seeking nukes, it itself a narrative that equally lacks substantive basis as the narrative that Iran was out to get nukes and was stopped from doing so by the JCPOA.

  5. Many in the US and in Europe have been listening Netanyahu talk about Iran’s nuke- but they do not realize that Netanyahu is referring to Iran’s nuclear waste treatment plant- he is intentionally misleading them into thinking nuclear weapons.

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